Ingabe Imidlalo “Yobuchopho” Ivimbela I-Dementia? Ubufakazi

Imidlalo “yobuchopho” itholakala yonke indawo, futhi eminingi ithembisa ukugcina ingqondo yenu iseyintsha. Uma ninakekela umuntu one-dementia, noma nikhathazekile ngenkumbulo yenu, kuyinto evamile ukuzibuza ukuthi ukuyidlala kungasiza yini. Nakhu lokho ucwaningo olukubonisa ngempela, kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezikhuthazayo nezingakhuthazi.

Lolu ulwazi olujwayelekile, hhayi iseluleko sezokwelapha. Buka isaziso sethu sezempilo.

Ingabe imidlalo yobuchopho ivimbela i-dementia?

Akukho mdlalo wobuchopho oboniswe ukuthi uvimbela i-dementia. I-National Institute on Aging (NIA) iyeluleka abantu ukuthi baqaphele izimangalo zokuthi imidlalo yekhompyutha neyase-inthanethi ingathuthukisa inkumbulo, futhi ithi akukho bufakazi obwanele bokuthi noma yiyiphi i-app yezentengiso yokuqeqesha ubuchopho inomphumela ofanayo nokuqeqeshwa okuhlolwe ezivivinyweni zomtholampilo (i-NIA ngokuvimbela i-Alzheimer’s).

Lokho akwenzi imidlalo ingasebenzi lutho. Kusho ukuthi inani layo lisenjabulweni, enkampanini nasekuhlelweni kosuku, hhayi ekuvikeleni muntu ku-dementia.

Yini “ukudlulisela eduze (near transfer)”, futhi kungani kubalulekile?

Uma niziqeqesha umsebenzi, ngokuvamile niba ngcono kulowo msebenzi. Abacwaningi bakubiza ngokuthi umphumela wokuqeqeshwa. Umbuzo onzima ukuthi ingabe ukuthuthuka kuyadlulela kwezinye izinto yini: ezinsizeni ezifanayo (ukudlulisela eduze) noma ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, njengokukhumbula izinsuku zokuhlangana noma ukuphatha imali (ukudlulisela kude, “far transfer”).

Ukubuyekezwa okukhulu kwango-2016 kwahlola izifundo izinkampani zokuqeqesha ubuchopho ezazizicaphuna njengobufakazi bazo obungcono kakhulu. Kwathola ubufakazi obuningi bokuthi abantu bayathuthuka emisebenzini eziqeqeshelwe yona, ubufakazi obuncane bokuthi bayathuthuka emisebenzini ehlobene eduze, nobufakazi obuncane bokuthi ukuqeqeshwa kuthuthukisa ukucabanga kwansuku zonke. Izifundo eziningi nazo zazinezinkinga zomklamo ezenza kungabi khona isiphetho esiqinile (uSimons nozakwabo, Psychological Science in the Public Interest).

Zithini izibuyekezo ngokuqeqeshwa kobuchopho ngekhompyutha?

Izibuyekezo ze-Cochrane, ezihlanganisa izivivinyo ezinhle kakhulu ezitholakalayo, zibheke ukuqeqeshwa ngekhompyutha okuthatha okungenani amasonto angu-12:

• Abantu abadala abaphilile abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu: izivivinyo eziyisishiyagalombili nabantu abangu-1,183. Ubufakazi babungumgangatho ophansi noma ophansi kakhulu. Kungase kube nenzuzo encane ngokushesha ngemva kokuqeqeshwa, kodwa akukho bufakazi obucacile bokuthi iyaqhubeka (ukubuyekezwa kwe-Cochrane, abantu asebekhulile abaphilile).
• Abantu abanokwehla okuncane kwekhono lokucabanga (mild cognitive impairment): izivivinyo eziyisishiyagalombili nabantu abangu-660. Asikho isivivinyo esabika ukuthi ingabe abantu baqhubeka bathola i-dementia yini, futhi ubufakazi babuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba kufinyelelwe esiphethweni (ukubuyekezwa kwe-Cochrane, mild cognitive impairment).

Yini etholwe isivivinyo se-ACTIVE?

I-ACTIVE iyisivivinyo esikhulu sase-US esaqala ngo-1998 nabantu abadala abangu-2,802 abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu ababehlala bezimele futhi bengenazo izinkinga ezinkulu zenkumbulo noma zokucabanga. Abantu babelwa ngokungahleliwe kolunye lwezinhlobo ezintathu zokuqeqeshwa emaqenjini amancane (isivinini sokucubungula, inkumbulo, noma ukucabanga) noma eqenjini elingathintwa (no-contact group). Ukuqeqeshwa kwakuhlanganisa izikhathi ezifika eziyishumi phakathi kwamasonto amahlanu kuya kwayisithupha. Abanye abantu ababeqede iningi lezikhathi nabo banikezwa ngokungahleliwe izikhathi zokuqinisa (booster sessions) cishe ngemva konyaka owodwa nangemva kweminyaka emithathu.

Ukuqeqeshwa kwesivinini kwakubandakanya ukubona nokucubungula ulwazi olubonwayo ngokubuka okuya ngokufushane nangokufushane kakhulu, ezingeni elalishintsha njengoba abantu bethuthuka.

Ngo-2026, abacwaningi bahlobanisa abahlanganyeli abangu-2,021 namarekhodi abo e-Medicare eminyakeni engu-20 (ukuhlaziywa kweminyaka engu-20 kwe-ACTIVE). Nakhu lokho abakuthola ngqo:

• Ukuqeqeshwa kwesivinini kanye nokungenani isikhathi esisodwa sokuqinisa: izinga eliphansi le-dementia etholakele kunaleliqembu elingathintwa (i-hazard ratio engu-0.75, okusho cishe izinga eliphansi ngamaphesenti angu-25).
• Ukuqeqeshwa kwesivinini ngaphandle kwezikhathi zokuqinisa: akukho zinga eliphansi.
• Ukuqeqeshwa kwenkumbulo noma kokucabanga: akukho mphumela obalulekile ekutholakaleni kwe-dementia.
• Iqembu ngalinye lokuqeqeshwa ngokuphelele uma liqhathaniswa neliqembu elingathintwa: ukuthambekela ezingeni eliphansi, kodwa akubalulekile ngokwezibalo.

Imikhawulo yalokhu okutholakele

• Kusebenza kuhlobo olulodwa oluthile lokuqeqeshwa kwesivinini okuqondisiwe nezikhathi zokuqinisa, hhayi emidlalweni yobuchopho ngokujwayelekile.
• Umphumela obalulekile wavela eqenjini elincane (abantu ababeqede iningi lezikhathi zokuqala futhi banikezwa izikhathi zokuqinisa), hhayi kulo lonke iqembu lesivinini.
• I-dementia yalinganiswa kusetshenziswa amakhodi okuxilongwa ezicelweni ze-Medicare, hhayi ngokuhlola umuntu ngamunye. Cishe ingxenye yesine yabahlanganyeli bokuqala yashiywa ngaphandle ngoba babebhaliswe ku-Medicare Advantage, ongenawo amarekhodi ezicelo agcwele.
• Abahlanganyeli babengenazo izinkinga ezinkulu zokucabanga ekuqaleni. Imiphumela ayisho lutho ngemidlalo yabantu abasephila kakade ne-dementia.

Ngumphumela ofanele ukuphenywa kabanzi. Akuwona ubufakazi bokuthi noma yiyiphi i-app ivimbela i-dementia.

Yini eyashiwo i-FTC ngeLumosity?

NgoJanuwari 2016, i-Lumos Labs, umkhiqizi we-Lumosity, yavuma ukukhokha i-$2 million ukuze iqede amacala e-Federal Trade Commission okumemezela okukhohlisayo. I-FTC yathi inkampani yamemezela, ngaphandle kwesayensi eyanele, ukuthi imidlalo yayo ingathuthukisa ukusebenza emsebenzini nasesikoleni futhi ingabambezela ukwehla okuhlobene neminyaka, mild cognitive impairment, i-dementia nesifo i-Alzheimer’s. Umyalo uyayidinga inkampani ukuthi ibe nobufakazi besayensi obuphumelelayo nobuthembekile ngaphambi kokwenza izimangalo ezinjalo esikhathini esizayo (isimemezelo se-FTC).

Isifundo semindeni: yibani nokungabaza ngomdlalo, i-app noma uhlelo olunoma luluphi oluthembisa ukuvikela inkumbulo noma ukuvimbela i-dementia.

Ingabe imidlalo ingasiza umuntu osene-dementia?

Ingeza osukwini oluhle, okubaluleke kakhulu. Indlela efundwe kahle kakhulu iwukuvuselela ukucabanga (cognitive stimulation): imisebenzi yeqembu ejabulisayo efana nengxoxo, ukukhumbula, imidlalo yamagama, amaphazili nomculo, ngokuvamile eqenjini elincane eliholwa umholi.

Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Cochrane kwango-2023 kwezivivinyo ezingu-37 nabantu abangu-2,766 abane-dementia ethambile kuya ephakathi nendawo kwathola (ukubuyekezwa kwe-Cochrane kokuvuselela ukucabanga):

• inzuzo encane, yesikhashana ezivivinyweni zokucabanga (ubufakazi bomgangatho ophakathi nendawo);
• ukuthuthuka okubalulekile ekuxhumaneni nasekuhlanganeni nabantu (ubufakazi bomgangatho ophezulu, ezifundweni ezimbalwa);
• izinzuzo ezincane esimweni sokuphila, esimweni sengqondo nasekuziphatheni.

Izinzuzo zalinganiswa kakhulu ngokushesha ngemva kwezinhlelo zamasonto angaba yishumi, futhi izifundo ezimbalwa zahlola ukuthi ziyaqhubeka yini. Ukuvuselela ukucabanga kuyihlelo leqembu elihlelekile, ngakho le miphumela ayisebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo kumuntu odlala yedwa umdlalo ethebulethini.

I-Lancet Commission yango-2024 nayo ithi izinhlelo zemisebenzi zibalulekile kubantu abaphila ne-dementia, ukuze bagcine injabulo nenjongo (i-Lancet Commission).

Imidlalo ilungele ini ngempela?

Uma ikhethwe kahle, imidlalo ingaletha:

• Injabulo. Ihafu lehora elimnandi lifanele ukuba khona ngenxa yalo.
• Ukuxhumana. Ukudlala eceleni komunye nomunye kunikeza into elula yokwabelana uma ingxoxo inzima. Buka ukuthi nidlale kanjani ndawonye.
• Isiko. Umsebenzi ojwayelekile ngesikhathi esifanayo nsuku zonke ungaletha induduzo.
• Ukuzethemba. Imisebenzi ehambisana nalokho umuntu akwaziyo kahle ibavumela bazizwe bekwazi, hhayi behlolwa.
• Ingxoxo. Isithombe noma isisho esijwayelekile singavula indaba. Zamani amakhadi engxoxo noma Qeda isisho.

Okufanele nikugweme: izibali sikhathi, amaphuzu, uchungechunge lokunqoba nanoma yini ezwakala njengesivivinyo senkumbulo. Uma umuntu ekhungathekile, misani. Ukuphela ngaphambi kwesikhathi, noma ukuhlala nje ndawonye, kuyisiphetho esihle. Umhlahlandlela wethu wokukhetha ama-app nemidlalo unohlu lokuhlola.

Isikhundla se-Golden Moments

Imidlalo ye-Golden Moments, efana namapheya ezithombe, nephazili yesithombe kanye nokusesha amagama ngokuphrinta okukhulu, yenzelwe injabulo nesikhathi esabelwanayo. Ayinawo isibali sikhathi futhi ayinawo amaphuzu. Ayilona ikhambi, futhi ayivimbeli noma ayehlisi i-dementia. Sithanda ukukutshela lokhu ngokucacile kunokuthembisa into engekho mdlalo ongayinikeza.

Khulumani nodokotela

Uma nikhathazekile ngezinguquko zenkumbulo kini noma komunye enimnakekelayo, bonani udokotela kunokuthembela ku-app. Udokotela angabheka izimbangela ezingalashwa futhi axoxe ngezinyathelo ezinobufakazi obungcono kakhulu, njengokulawula umfutho wegazi nokuhlola ukuzwa. Buka Ingabe i-dementia ingavinjwa? ukuze uthole okwengeziwe. Ngokudideka okuzumayo noma ezinye izinguquko ezizumayo, tholani usizo lwezokwelapha oluphuthumayo.